from __future__ import with_statement, print_function
import py.test
import sys
from collections import OrderedDict

from rpython.conftest import option

from rpython.annotator import model as annmodel
from rpython.annotator.model import AnnotatorError, UnionError
from rpython.annotator.annrpython import RPythonAnnotator as _RPythonAnnotator
from rpython.annotator.classdesc import NoSuchAttrError
from rpython.translator.translator import graphof as tgraphof
from rpython.annotator.policy import AnnotatorPolicy
from rpython.annotator.signature import Sig, SignatureError
from rpython.annotator.listdef import ListDef, ListChangeUnallowed
from rpython.annotator.dictdef import DictDef
from rpython.flowspace.model import *
from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_uint, base_int, r_longlong, r_ulonglong
from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_singlefloat
from rpython.rlib import objectmodel
from rpython.flowspace.flowcontext import FlowingError
from rpython.flowspace.operation import op

from rpython.translator.test import snippet

def graphof(a, func):
    return tgraphof(a.translator, func)

def listitem(s_list):
    assert isinstance(s_list, annmodel.SomeList)
    return s_list.listdef.listitem.s_value

def somelist(s_type):
    return annmodel.SomeList(ListDef(None, s_type))

def dictkey(s_dict):
    assert isinstance(s_dict, annmodel.SomeDict)
    return s_dict.dictdef.dictkey.s_value

def dictvalue(s_dict):
    assert isinstance(s_dict, annmodel.SomeDict)
    return s_dict.dictdef.dictvalue.s_value

def somedict(annotator, s_key, s_value):
    return annmodel.SomeDict(DictDef(annotator.bookkeeper, s_key, s_value))


class TestAnnotateTestCase:
    def teardown_method(self, meth):
        assert annmodel.s_Bool == annmodel.SomeBool()

    class RPythonAnnotator(_RPythonAnnotator):
        def build_types(self, *args):
            s = _RPythonAnnotator.build_types(self, *args)
            self.validate()
            if option.view:
                self.translator.view()
            return s

    def test_simple_func(self):
        """
        one test source:
        def f(x):
            return x+1
        """
        x = Variable("x")
        oper = op.add(x, Constant(1))
        block = Block([x])
        fun = FunctionGraph("f", block)
        block.operations.append(oper)
        block.closeblock(Link([oper.result], fun.returnblock))
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.addpendingblock(fun, fun.startblock, [annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        a.complete()
        assert a.gettype(fun.getreturnvar()) == int

    def test_while(self):
        """
        one test source:
        def f(i):
            while i > 0:
                i = i - 1
            return i
        """
        i1 = Variable("i1")
        i2 = Variable("i2")
        conditionop = op.gt(i1, Constant(0))
        decop = op.add(i2, Constant(-1))
        headerblock = Block([i1])
        whileblock = Block([i2])

        fun = FunctionGraph("f", headerblock)
        headerblock.operations.append(conditionop)
        headerblock.exitswitch = conditionop.result
        headerblock.closeblock(Link([i1], fun.returnblock, False),
                               Link([i1], whileblock, True))
        whileblock.operations.append(decop)
        whileblock.closeblock(Link([decop.result], headerblock))

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.addpendingblock(fun, fun.startblock, [annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        a.complete()
        assert a.gettype(fun.getreturnvar()) == int

    def test_while_sum(self):
        """
        one test source:
        def f(i):
            sum = 0
            while i > 0:
                sum = sum + i
                i = i - 1
            return sum
        """
        i1 = Variable("i1")
        i2 = Variable("i2")
        i3 = Variable("i3")
        sum2 = Variable("sum2")
        sum3 = Variable("sum3")

        conditionop = op.gt(i2, Constant(0))
        decop = op.add(i3, Constant(-1))
        addop = op.add(i3, sum3)
        startblock = Block([i1])
        headerblock = Block([i2, sum2])
        whileblock = Block([i3, sum3])

        fun = FunctionGraph("f", startblock)
        startblock.closeblock(Link([i1, Constant(0)], headerblock))
        headerblock.operations.append(conditionop)
        headerblock.exitswitch = conditionop.result
        headerblock.closeblock(Link([sum2], fun.returnblock, False),
                               Link([i2, sum2], whileblock, True))
        whileblock.operations.append(addop)
        whileblock.operations.append(decop)
        whileblock.closeblock(Link([decop.result, addop.result], headerblock))

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.addpendingblock(fun, fun.startblock, [annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        a.complete()
        assert a.gettype(fun.getreturnvar()) == int

    def test_f_calls_g(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f_calls_g, [int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_not_rpython(self):
        def g(x):
            """ NOT_RPYTHON """
            return eval(x)
        def f(x):
            return g(str(x))
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(ValueError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_not_rpython_decorator(self):
        from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import not_rpython
        @not_rpython
        def g(x):
            return eval(x)
        def f(x):
            return g(str(x))
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(ValueError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_lists(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        end_cell = a.build_types(snippet.poor_man_rev_range, [int])
        # result should be a list of integers
        assert listitem(end_cell).knowntype == int

    def test_factorial(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.factorial, [int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_factorial2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.factorial2, [int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_build_instance(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.build_instance, [])
        # result should be a snippet.C instance
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.C)

    def test_set_attr(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.set_attr, [])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_merge_setattr(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.merge_setattr, [int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_inheritance1(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.inheritance1, [])
        # result should be exactly:
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([
                                a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(()),
                                annmodel.SomeInteger()
                                ])

    def test_poor_man_range(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.poor_man_range, [int])
        # result should be a list of integers
        assert listitem(s).knowntype == int

    def test_staticmethod(self):
        class X(object):
            @staticmethod
            def stat(value):
                return value + 4
        def f(v):
            return X().stat(v)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_classmethod(self):
        class X(object):
            @classmethod
            def meth(cls):
                return None
        def f():
            return X().meth()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f,  [])

    def test_methodcall1(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet._methodcall1, [int])
        # result should be a tuple of (C, positive_int)
        assert s.knowntype == tuple
        assert len(s.items) == 2
        s0 = s.items[0]
        assert isinstance(s0, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s0.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.C)
        assert s.items[1].knowntype == int
        assert s.items[1].nonneg == True

    def test_classes_methodcall1(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(snippet._methodcall1, [int])
        # the user classes should have the following attributes:
        getcdef = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef
        assert getcdef(snippet.F).attrs.keys() == ['m']
        assert getcdef(snippet.G).attrs.keys() == ['m2']
        assert getcdef(snippet.H).attrs.keys() == ['attr']
        assert getcdef(snippet.H).about_attribute('attr') == (
                          a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(1))

    def test_generaldict(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.generaldict, [str, int, str, int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_somebug1(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet._somebug1, [int])
        # result should be a built-in method
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBuiltin)

    def test_with_init(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.with_init, [int])
        # result should be an integer
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_with_more_init(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.with_more_init, [int, bool])
        # the user classes should have the following attributes:
        getcdef = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef
        # XXX on which class should the attribute 'a' appear?  We only
        #     ever flow WithInit.__init__ with a self which is an instance
        #     of WithMoreInit, so currently it appears on WithMoreInit.
        assert getcdef(snippet.WithMoreInit).about_attribute('a') == (
                          annmodel.SomeInteger())
        assert getcdef(snippet.WithMoreInit).about_attribute('b') == (
                          annmodel.SomeBool())

    def test_global_instance(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.global_instance, [])
        # currently this returns the constant 42.
        # XXX not sure this is the best behavior...
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(42)

    def test_call_five(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.call_five, [])
        # returns should be a list of constants (= 5)
        assert listitem(s) == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(5)

    def test_call_five_six(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.call_five_six, [])
        # returns should be a list of positive integers
        assert listitem(s) == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)

    def test_constant_result(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.constant_result, [])
        #a.translator.simplify()
        # must return "yadda"
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue("yadda")
        graphs = a.translator.graphs
        assert len(graphs) == 2
        assert graphs[0].func is snippet.constant_result
        assert graphs[1].func is snippet.forty_two
        a.simplify()
        #a.translator.view()

    def test_flow_type_info(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_type_info, [int])
        a.simplify()
        assert s.knowntype == int

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_type_info, [str])
        a.simplify()
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_flow_type_info_2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_type_info,
                          [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
        # this checks that isinstance(i, int) didn't lose the
        # actually more precise information that i is non-negative
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)

    def test_flow_usertype_info(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_usertype_info, [snippet.WithInit])
        #a.translator.view()
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.WithInit)

    def test_flow_usertype_info2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_usertype_info, [snippet.WithMoreInit])
        #a.translator.view()
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.WithMoreInit)

    def test_mergefunctions(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.mergefunctions, [int])
        # the test is mostly that the above line hasn't blown up
        # but let's at least check *something*
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomePBC)

    def test_func_calls_func_which_just_raises(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.funccallsex, [])
        # the test is mostly that the above line hasn't blown up
        # but let's at least check *something*
        #self.assert_(isinstance(s, SomeCallable))

    def test_tuple_unpack_from_const_tuple_with_different_types(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.func_arg_unpack, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.const == 3

    def test_star_unpack_list(self):
        def g():
            pass
        def f(l):
            return g(*l)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [[int]])

    def test_star_unpack_and_keywords(self):
        def g(a, b, c=0, d=0):
            return a + b + c + d

        def f(a, b):
            return g(a, *(b,), d=5)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s_result = a.build_types(f, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s_result, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_pbc_attr_preserved_on_instance(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.preserve_pbc_attr_on_instance, [bool])
        #a.simplify()
        #a.translator.view()
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)
        #self.assertEquals(s.__class__, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_pbc_attr_preserved_on_instance_with_slots(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.preserve_pbc_attr_on_instance_with_slots,
                          [bool])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)

    def test_is_and_knowntype_data(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.is_and_knowntype, [str])
        #a.simplify()
        #a.translator.view()
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(None)

    def test_isinstance_and_knowntype_data(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        x = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(snippet.apbc)
        s = a.build_types(snippet.isinstance_and_knowntype, [x])
        #a.simplify()
        #a.translator.view()
        assert s == x

    def test_somepbc_simplify(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        # this example used to trigger an AssertionError
        a.build_types(snippet.somepbc_simplify, [])

    def test_builtin_methods(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        iv = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue
        # this checks that some built-in methods are really supported by
        # the annotator (it doesn't check that they operate property, though)
        for example, methname, s_example in [
            ('', 'join',    annmodel.SomeString()),
            ([], 'append',  somelist(annmodel.s_Int)),
            ([], 'extend',  somelist(annmodel.s_Int)),
            ([], 'reverse', somelist(annmodel.s_Int)),
            ([], 'insert',  somelist(annmodel.s_Int)),
            ([], 'pop',     somelist(annmodel.s_Int)),
            ]:
            constmeth = getattr(example, methname)
            s_constmeth = iv(constmeth)
            assert isinstance(s_constmeth, annmodel.SomeBuiltin)
            s_meth = s_example.getattr(iv(methname))
            assert isinstance(s_constmeth, annmodel.SomeBuiltin)

    def test_str_join(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return ["foo", "bar"]
        def f(n):
            g(0)
            return ''.join(g(n))
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == str
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_unicode_join(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return [u"foo", u"bar"]
        def f(n):
            g(0)
            return u''.join(g(n))
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == unicode
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_str_split(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return "test string"
        def f(n):
            if n:
                return g(n).split(' ')
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        s_item = s.listdef.listitem.s_value
        assert s_item.no_nul

    def test_unicode_split(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return u"test string"
        def f(n):
            if n:
                return g(n).split(u' ')
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        s_item = s.listdef.listitem.s_value
        assert s_item.no_nul

    def test_str_split_nul(self):
        def f(n):
            return n.split('\0')[0]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=False, can_be_None=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert not s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

        def g(n):
            return n.split('\0', 1)[0]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(g, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=False, can_be_None=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert not s.can_be_None
        assert not s.no_nul

    def test_unicode_split_nul(self):
        def f(n):
            return n.split(u'\0')[0]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(
                                  no_nul=False, can_be_None=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert not s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

        def g(n):
            return n.split(u'\0', 1)[0]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(g, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(
                                  no_nul=False, can_be_None=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert not s.can_be_None
        assert not s.no_nul

    def test_str_splitlines(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f(a_str):
            return a_str.splitlines()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        assert s.listdef.listitem.resized

    def test_str_strip(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f(n, a_str):
            if n == 0:
                return a_str.strip(' ')
            elif n == 1:
                return a_str.rstrip(' ')
            else:
                return a_str.lstrip(' ')
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_unicode_strip(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f(n, a_str):
            if n == 0:
                return a_str.strip(u' ')
            elif n == 1:
                return a_str.rstrip(u' ')
            else:
                return a_str.lstrip(u' ')
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_str_mul(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f(a_str):
            return a_str * 3
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_str_isalpha(self):
        def f(s):
            return s.isalpha()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBool)

    def test_simple_slicing(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.simple_slice, [somelist(annmodel.s_Int)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)

    def test_simple_iter_list(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.simple_iter, [somelist(annmodel.s_Int)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeIterator)

    def test_simple_iter_next(self):
        def f(x):
            i = iter(range(x))
            return i.next()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_simple_iter_dict(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        t = somedict(a, annmodel.SomeInteger(), annmodel.SomeInteger())
        s = a.build_types(snippet.simple_iter, [t])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeIterator)

    def test_simple_zip(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        x = somelist(annmodel.SomeInteger())
        y = somelist(annmodel.SomeString())
        s = a.build_types(snippet.simple_zip, [x,y])
        assert s.knowntype == list
        assert listitem(s).knowntype == tuple
        assert listitem(s).items[0].knowntype == int
        assert listitem(s).items[1].knowntype == str

    def test_dict_copy(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        t = somedict(a, annmodel.SomeInteger(), annmodel.SomeInteger())
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_copy, [t])
        assert isinstance(dictkey(s), annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(dictvalue(s), annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_dict_update(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_update, [int])
        assert isinstance(dictkey(s), annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(dictvalue(s), annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_dict_update_2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return {3: 4}
        def f(n):
            g(0)
            d = {}
            d.update(g(n))
            return d
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert dictkey(s).knowntype == int

    def test_dict_keys(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_keys, [])
        assert isinstance(listitem(s), annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_dict_keys2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_keys2, [])
        assert type(listitem(s)) is annmodel.SomeString

    def test_dict_values(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_values, [])
        assert isinstance(listitem(s), annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_dict_values2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_values2, [])
        assert type(listitem(s)) is annmodel.SomeString

    def test_dict_items(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.dict_items, [])
        assert isinstance(listitem(s), annmodel.SomeTuple)
        s_key, s_value = listitem(s).items
        assert isinstance(s_key, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert isinstance(s_value, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_dict_setdefault(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f():
            d = {}
            d.setdefault('a', 2)
            d.setdefault('a', -3)
            return d
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeDict)
        assert isinstance(dictkey(s), annmodel.SomeString)
        assert isinstance(dictvalue(s), annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert not dictvalue(s).nonneg

    def test_dict_get(self):
        def f1(i, j):
            d = {i: ''}
            return d.get(j)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f1, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.can_be_None


    def test_exception_deduction(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exception_deduction, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)

    def test_exception_deduction_we_are_dumb(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exception_deduction_we_are_dumb, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)

    def test_nested_exception_deduction(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.nested_exception_deduction, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeTuple)
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[0].classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)
        assert s.items[1].classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc2)

    def test_exc_deduction_our_exc_plus_others(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exc_deduction_our_exc_plus_others, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_exc_deduction_our_excs_plus_others(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exc_deduction_our_excs_plus_others, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_complex_exception_deduction(self):
        class InternalError(Exception):
            def __init__(self, msg):
                self.msg = msg

        class AppError(Exception):
            def __init__(self, msg):
                self.msg = msg
        def apperror(msg):
            return AppError(msg)

        def f(string):
            if not string:
                raise InternalError('Empty string')
            return string, None
        def cleanup():
            pass

        def g(string):
            try:
                try:
                    string, _ = f(string)
                except ZeroDivisionError:
                    raise apperror('ZeroDivisionError')
                try:
                    result, _ = f(string)
                finally:
                    cleanup()
            except InternalError as e:
                raise apperror(e.msg)
            return result

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s_result = a.build_types(g, [str])
        assert isinstance(s_result, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_method_exception_specialization(self):
        def f(l):
            try:
                return l.pop()
            except Exception:
                raise
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [[int]])
        graph = graphof(a, f)
        etype, evalue = graph.exceptblock.inputargs
        assert evalue.annotation.classdefs == {
                a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(IndexError)}
        assert etype.annotation.const == IndexError

    def test_operation_always_raising(self):
        def operation_always_raising(n):
            lst = []
            try:
                return lst[n]
            except IndexError:
                return 24
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(operation_always_raising, [int])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(24)

    def test_propagation_of_fresh_instances_through_attrs(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.propagation_of_fresh_instances_through_attrs, [int])
        assert s is not None

    def test_propagation_of_fresh_instances_through_attrs_rec_0(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.make_r, [int])
        Rdef = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.R)
        assert s.classdef == Rdef
        assert Rdef.attrs['r'].s_value.classdef == Rdef
        assert Rdef.attrs['n'].s_value.knowntype == int
        assert Rdef.attrs['m'].s_value.knowntype == int


    def test_propagation_of_fresh_instances_through_attrs_rec_eo(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.make_eo, [int])
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.B)
        Even_def = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Even)
        Odd_def = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Odd)
        assert listitem(Even_def.attrs['x'].s_value).classdef == Odd_def
        assert listitem(Even_def.attrs['y'].s_value).classdef == Even_def
        assert listitem(Odd_def.attrs['x'].s_value).classdef == Even_def
        assert listitem(Odd_def.attrs['y'].s_value).classdef == Odd_def

    def test_flow_rev_numbers(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.flow_rev_numbers, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int
        assert not s.is_constant() # !

    def test_methodcall_is_precise(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.methodcall_is_precise, [bool])
        getcdef = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef
        assert 'x' not in getcdef(snippet.CBase).attrs
        assert (getcdef(snippet.CSub1).attrs['x'].s_value ==
                a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(42))
        assert (getcdef(snippet.CSub2).attrs['x'].s_value ==
                a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue('world'))
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(42)

    def test_call_star_args(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
        s = a.build_types(snippet.call_star_args, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_call_star_args_multiple(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
        s = a.build_types(snippet.call_star_args_multiple, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_exception_deduction_with_raise1(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exception_deduction_with_raise1, [bool])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)


    def test_exception_deduction_with_raise2(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exception_deduction_with_raise2, [bool])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)

    def test_exception_deduction_with_raise3(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.exception_deduction_with_raise3, [bool])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(snippet.Exc)

    def test_type_is(self):
        class B(object):
            pass
        class C(B):
            pass
        def f(x):
            assert type(x) is C
            return x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [B])
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C)

    @py.test.mark.xfail
    def test_union_type_some_pbc(self):
        class A(object):
            name = "A"

            def f(self):
                return type(self)

        class B(A):
            name = "B"

        def f(tp):
            return tp

        def main(n):
            if n:
                if n == 1:
                    inst = A()
                else:
                    inst = B()
                arg = inst.f()
            else:
                arg = B
            return f(arg).name

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(main, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_ann_assert(self):
        def assert_(x):
            assert x,"XXX"
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(assert_, [int])
        assert s.const is None

    def test_string_and_none(self):
        def f(n):
            if n:
                return 'y'
            else:
                return 'n'
        def g(n):
            if n:
                return 'y'
            else:
                return None
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == str
        assert not s.can_be_None
        s = a.build_types(g, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == str
        assert s.can_be_None

    def test_implicit_exc(self):
        def f(l):
            try:
                l[0]
            except (KeyError, IndexError) as e:
                return e
            return None

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [somelist(annmodel.s_Int)])
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(IndexError)  # KeyError ignored because l is a list

    def test_freeze_protocol(self):
        class Stuff:
            def __init__(self):
                self.called = False
            def _freeze_(self):
                self.called = True
                return True
        myobj = Stuff()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(lambda: myobj, [])
        assert myobj.called
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomePBC)
        assert s.const == myobj

    def test_cleanup_protocol(self):
        class Stuff:
            def __init__(self):
                self.called = False
            def _cleanup_(self):
                self.called = True
        myobj = Stuff()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(lambda: myobj, [])
        assert myobj.called
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(Stuff)

    def test_circular_mutable_getattr(self):
        class C:
            pass
        c = C()
        c.x = c
        def f():
            return c.x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C)

    def test_circular_list_type(self):
        def f(n):
            lst = []
            for i in range(n):
                lst = [lst]
            return lst
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert listitem(s) == s

    def test_harmonic(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.harmonic, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == float
        # check that the list produced by range() is not mutated or resized
        graph = graphof(a, snippet.harmonic)
        all_vars = set().union(*[block.getvariables() for block in graph.iterblocks()])
        print(all_vars)
        for var in all_vars:
            s_value = var.annotation
            if isinstance(s_value, annmodel.SomeList):
                assert not s_value.listdef.listitem.resized
                assert not s_value.listdef.listitem.mutated
                assert s_value.listdef.listitem.range_step

    def test_bool(self):
        def f(a,b):
            return bool(a) or bool(b)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, somelist(annmodel.s_Int)])
        assert s.knowntype == bool

    def test_float(self):
        def f(n):
            return float(n)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == float

    def test_r_uint(self):
        def f(n):
            return n + constant_unsigned_five
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [r_uint])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg = True, unsigned = True)

    def test_large_unsigned(self):
        large_constant = sys.maxint * 2 + 1 # 0xFFFFFFFF on 32-bit platforms
        def f():
            return large_constant
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(ValueError):
            a.build_types(f, [])
        # if you want to get a r_uint, you have to be explicit about it

    def test_add_different_ints(self):
        def f(a, b):
            return a + b
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
            a.build_types(f, [r_uint, int])

    def test_merge_different_ints(self):
        def f(a, b):
            if a:
                c = a
            else:
                c = b
            return c
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
            a.build_types(f, [r_uint, int])

    def test_merge_ruint_zero(self):
        def f(a):
            if a:
                c = a
            else:
                c = 0
            return c
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [r_uint])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg = True, unsigned = True)

    def test_merge_ruint_nonneg_signed(self):
        def f(a, b):
            if a:
                c = a
            else:
                assert b >= 0
                c = b
            return c
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [r_uint, int])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg = True, unsigned = True)


    def test_prebuilt_int_that_is_not_too_long(self):
        small_constant = 12
        def f():
            return small_constant
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 12
        assert s.nonneg
        assert not s.unsigned
        #
        small_constant = -23
        def f():
            return small_constant
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == -23
        assert not s.nonneg
        assert not s.unsigned

    def test_pbc_getattr(self):
        class C:
            def __init__(self, v1, v2):
                self.v2 = v2
                self.v1 = v1

            def _freeze_(self):
                return True

        c1 = C(1,'a')
        c2 = C(2,'b')
        c3 = C(3,'c')

        def f1(l, c):
            l.append(c.v1)
        def f2(l, c):
            l.append(c.v2)

        def g():
            l1 = []
            l2 = []
            f1(l1, c1)
            f1(l1, c2)
            f2(l2, c2)
            f2(l2, c3)
            return l1,l2

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g,[])
        l1, l2 = s.items
        assert listitem(l1).knowntype == int
        assert listitem(l2).knowntype == str


        acc1 = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(c1).getattrfamily()
        acc2 = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(c2).getattrfamily()
        acc3 = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(c3).getattrfamily()

        assert acc1 is acc2 is acc3

        assert len(acc1.descs) == 3
        assert dict.fromkeys(acc1.attrs) == {'v1': None, 'v2': None}

    def test_single_pbc_getattr(self):
        class C:
            def __init__(self, v1, v2):
                self.v1 = v1
                self.v2 = v2
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True
        c1 = C(11, "hello")
        c2 = C(22, 623)
        def f1(l, c):
            l.append(c.v1)
        def f2(c):
            return c.v2
        def f3(c):
            return c.v2
        def g():
            l = []
            f1(l, c1)
            f1(l, c2)
            return l, f2(c1), f3(c2)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g,[])
        s_l, s_c1v2, s_c2v2 = s.items
        assert listitem(s_l).knowntype == int
        assert s_c1v2.const == "hello"
        assert s_c2v2.const == 623

        acc1 = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(c1).getattrfamily()
        acc2 = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(c2).getattrfamily()
        assert acc1 is acc2
        assert acc1.attrs.keys() == ['v1']

    def test_isinstance_unsigned_1(self):
        def f(x):
            return isinstance(x, r_uint)
        def g():
            v = r_uint(1)
            return f(v)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])
        assert s.const == True

    def test_isinstance_unsigned_2(self):
        class Foo:
            pass
        def f(x):
            return isinstance(x, r_uint)
        def g():
            v = Foo()
            return f(v)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])
        assert s.const == False

    def test_isinstance_base_int(self):
        def f(x):
            return isinstance(x, base_int)
        def g(n):
            v = r_uint(n)
            return f(v)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert s.const == True

    def test_isinstance_basic(self):
        def f():
            return isinstance(IndexError(), type)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == False

    def test_alloc_like(self):
        class Base(object):
            pass
        class C1(Base):
            pass
        class C2(Base):
            pass

        def inst(cls):
            return cls()

        def alloc(cls):
            i = inst(cls)
            assert isinstance(i, cls)
            return i
        alloc._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:arg(0)"

        def f():
            c1 = alloc(C1)
            c2 = alloc(C2)
            return c1,c2

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        C1df = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C1)
        C2df = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C2)

        assert s.items[0].classdef == C1df
        assert s.items[1].classdef == C2df

        allocdesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(alloc)
        s_C1 = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(C1)
        s_C2 = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(C2)
        graph1 = allocdesc.specialize([s_C1], None)
        graph2 = allocdesc.specialize([s_C2], None)
        assert a.binding(graph1.getreturnvar()).classdef == C1df
        assert a.binding(graph2.getreturnvar()).classdef == C2df
        assert graph1 in a.translator.graphs
        assert graph2 in a.translator.graphs

    def test_specialcase_args(self):
        class C1(object):
            pass

        class C2(object):
            pass

        def alloc(cls, cls2):
            i = cls()
            assert isinstance(i, cls)
            j = cls2()
            assert isinstance(j, cls2)
            return i

        def f():
            alloc(C1, C1)
            alloc(C1, C2)
            alloc(C2, C1)
            alloc(C2, C2)

        alloc._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:arg(0,1)"

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        C1df = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C1)
        C2df = a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(C2)
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        allocdesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(alloc)
        s_C1 = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(C1)
        s_C2 = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(C2)
        graph1 = allocdesc.specialize([s_C1, s_C2], None)
        graph2 = allocdesc.specialize([s_C2, s_C2], None)
        assert a.binding(graph1.getreturnvar()).classdef == C1df
        assert a.binding(graph2.getreturnvar()).classdef == C2df
        assert graph1 in a.translator.graphs
        assert graph2 in a.translator.graphs

    def test_specialize_arg_bound_method(self):
        class GC(object):
            def trace(self, callback, *args):
                return callback(*args)
            trace._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:arg(1)"

            def callback1(self, arg1):
                self.x = arg1
                return "hello"

            def callback2(self, arg2, arg3):
                self.y = arg2
                self.z = arg3
                return 6

        def f():
            gc = GC()
            s1 = gc.trace(gc.callback1, "foo")
            n2 = gc.trace(gc.callback2, 7, 2)
            return (s1, n2, gc.x, gc.y, gc.z)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.items[0].const == "hello"
        assert s.items[1].const == 6
        assert s.items[2].const == "foo"
        assert s.items[3].const == 7
        assert s.items[4].const == 2

    def test_specialize_and_star_args(self):
        class I(object):
            def execute(self, op, *args):
                if op == 0:
                    return args[0]+args[1]
                if op == 1:
                    return args[0] * args[1] + args[2]
            execute._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:arg(1)"

        def f(x, y):
            i = I()
            a = i.execute(0, x, y)
            b = i.execute(1, y, y, 5)
            return a+b

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, int])

        executedesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(I.execute.im_func)
        assert len(executedesc._cache) == 2

        assert len(executedesc._cache[(0, 'star', 2)].startblock.inputargs) == 4
        assert len(executedesc._cache[(1, 'star', 3)].startblock.inputargs) == 5

    def test_specialize_arg_or_var(self):
        def f(a):
            return 1
        f._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg_or_var(0)'

        def fn(a):
            return f(3) + f(a)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(fn, [int])
        executedesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(f)
        assert sorted(executedesc._cache.keys()) == [None, (3,)]
        # we got two different special

    def test_specialize_call_location(self):
        def g(a):
            return a
        g._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:call_location"
        def f(x):
            return g(x)
        f._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:argtype(0)"
        def h(y):
            w = f(y)
            return int(f(str(y))) + w
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert a.build_types(h, [int]) == annmodel.SomeInteger()

    def test_assert_list_doesnt_lose_info(self):
        class T(object):
            pass
        def g(l):
            assert isinstance(l, list)
            return l
        def f():
            l = [T()]
            return g(l)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        s_item = listitem(s)
        assert isinstance(s_item, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s_item.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(T)

    def test_int_str_mul(self):
        def f(x,a,b):
            return a*x+x*b
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str,int,int])
        assert s.knowntype == str

    def test_list_tuple(self):
        def g0(x):
            return list(x)
        def g1(x):
            return list(x)
        def f(n):
            l1 = g0(())
            l2 = g1((1,))
            if n:
                t = (1,)
            else:
                t = (2,)
            l3 = g1(t)
            return l1, l2, l3
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert listitem(s.items[0]) == annmodel.SomeImpossibleValue()
        assert listitem(s.items[1]).knowntype == int
        assert listitem(s.items[2]).knowntype == int

    def test_empty_list(self):
        def f():
            l = []
            return bool(l)
        def g():
            l = []
            x = bool(l)
            l.append(1)
            return x, bool(l)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == False

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])

        assert s.items[0].knowntype == bool and not s.items[0].is_constant()
        assert s.items[1].knowntype == bool and not s.items[1].is_constant()

    def test_empty_dict(self):
        def f():
            d = {}
            return bool(d)
        def g():
            d = {}
            x = bool(d)
            d['a'] = 1
            return x, bool(d)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == False

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])

        assert s.items[0].knowntype == bool and not s.items[0].is_constant()
        assert s.items[1].knowntype == bool and not s.items[1].is_constant()

    def test_call_two_funcs_but_one_can_only_raise(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.call_two_funcs_but_one_can_only_raise,
                          [int])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(None)

    def test_reraiseKeyError(self):
        def f(dic):
            try:
                dic[5]
            except KeyError:
                raise
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [somedict(a, annmodel.s_Int, annmodel.s_Int)])
        fg = graphof(a, f)
        et, ev = fg.exceptblock.inputargs
        t = annmodel.SomeTypeOf([ev])
        t.const = KeyError
        assert et.annotation == t
        s_ev = ev.annotation
        assert s_ev == a.bookkeeper.new_exception([KeyError])

    def test_reraiseAnything(self):
        def f(dic):
            try:
                dic[5]
            except:
                raise
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [somedict(a, annmodel.s_Int, annmodel.s_Int)])
        fg = graphof(a, f)
        et, ev = fg.exceptblock.inputargs
        t = annmodel.SomeTypeOf([ev])
        t.const = KeyError  # IndexError ignored because 'dic' is a dict
        assert et.annotation == t
        s_ev = ev.annotation
        assert s_ev == a.bookkeeper.new_exception([KeyError])

    def test_exception_mixing(self):
        def h():
            pass

        def g():
            pass

        class X(Exception):
            def __init__(self, x=0):
                self.x = x

        def f(a, l):
            if a==1:
                raise X
            elif a==2:
                raise X(1)
            elif a==3:
                raise X(4)
            else:
                try:
                    l[0]
                    x,y = l
                    g()
                finally:
                    h()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int, somelist(annmodel.s_Int)])
        fg = graphof(a, f)
        et, ev = fg.exceptblock.inputargs
        t = annmodel.SomeTypeOf([ev])
        assert et.annotation == t
        s_ev = ev.annotation
        assert (isinstance(s_ev, annmodel.SomeInstance) and
                s_ev.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(Exception))

    def test_try_except_raise_finally1(self):
        def h(): pass
        def g(): pass
        class X(Exception): pass
        def f():
            try:
                try:
                    g()
                except X:
                    h()
                    raise
            finally:
                h()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [])
        fg = graphof(a, f)
        et, ev = fg.exceptblock.inputargs
        t = annmodel.SomeTypeOf([ev])
        assert et.annotation == t
        s_ev = ev.annotation
        assert (isinstance(s_ev, annmodel.SomeInstance) and
                s_ev.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(Exception))

    def test_inplace_div(self):
        def f(n):
            n /= 2
            return n / 2
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_prime(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(snippet.prime, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == bool

    def test_and_bool_coalesce(self):
        def f(a,b,c,d,e):
            x = a and b
            if x:
                return d,c
            return e,c
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, str, a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(1.0), a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue('d'), a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue('e')])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeChar(), a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(1.0)])

    def test_bool_coalesce2(self):
        def f(a,b,a1,b1,c,d,e):
            x = (a or  b) and (a1 or b1)
            if x:
                return d,c
            return e,c
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, str, float, somelist(annmodel.s_Int),
                              a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(1.0),
                              a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue('d'),
                              a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue('e')])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeChar(),
                                        a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(1.0)])

    def test_bool_coalesce_sanity(self):
        def f(a):
            while a:
                pass
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(None)

    def test_non_None_path(self):
        class C:
            pass
        def g(c):
            if c is None:
                return C()
            return c
        def f(x):
            if x:
                c = None
            else:
                c = C()
            return g(c)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.can_be_none() == False

    def test_can_be_None_path(self):
        class C:
            pass
        def f(x):
            if x:
                c = None
            else:
                c = C()
            return isinstance(c, C)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_nonneg_cleverness(self):
        def f(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h):
            if a < 0: a = 0
            if b <= 0: b = 0
            if c >= 0:
                pass
            else:
                c = 0
            if d < a: d = a
            if e <= b: e = 1
            if c > f: f = 2
            if d >= g: g = 3
            if h != a: h = 0
            return a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int]*8)
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)] * 8)

    def test_general_nonneg_cleverness(self):
        def f(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h):
            if a < 0: a = 0
            if b <= 0: b = 0
            if c >= 0:
                pass
            else:
                c = 0
            if d < a: d = a
            if e <= b: e = 1
            if c > f: f = 2
            if d >= g: g = 3
            if h != a: h = 0
            return a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [r_longlong]*8)
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True, knowntype=r_longlong)] * 8)


    def test_more_nonneg_cleverness(self):
        def f(start, stop):
            assert 0 <= start <= stop
            return start, stop
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, int])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)] * 2)

    def test_more_general_nonneg_cleverness(self):
        def f(start, stop):
            assert 0 <= start <= stop
            return start, stop
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [r_longlong, r_longlong])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeTuple([annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True, knowntype=r_longlong)] * 2)

    def test_nonneg_cleverness_is_gentle_with_unsigned(self):
        def witness1(x):
            pass
        def witness2(x):
            pass
        def f(x):
            if 0 < x:
                witness1(x)
            if x > 0:
                witness2(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(unsigned=True)])
        wg1 = graphof(a, witness1)
        wg2 = graphof(a, witness2)
        assert a.binding(wg1.getargs()[0]).unsigned is True
        assert a.binding(wg2.getargs()[0]).unsigned is True

    def test_general_nonneg_cleverness_is_gentle_with_unsigned(self):
        def witness1(x):
            pass
        def witness2(x):
            pass
        def f(x):
            if 0 < x:
                witness1(x)
            if x > 0:
                witness2(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(knowntype=r_ulonglong)])
        wg1 = graphof(a, witness1)
        wg2 = graphof(a, witness2)
        assert a.binding(wg1.getargs()[0]).knowntype is r_ulonglong
        assert a.binding(wg2.getargs()[0]).knowntype is r_ulonglong

    def test_nonneg_cleverness_in_max(self):
        def f(x):
            return max(x, 0) + max(0, x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_attr_moving_into_parent(self):
        class A: pass
        class B(A): pass
        a1 = A()
        b1 = B()
        b1.stuff = a1
        a1.stuff = None
        def f():
            return b1.stuff
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert not s.can_be_None
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(A)

    def test_class_attribute(self):
        class A:
            stuff = 42
        class B(A):
            pass
        def f():
            b = B()
            return b.stuff
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(42)

    def test_attr_recursive_getvalue(self):
        class A: pass
        a2 = A()
        a2.stuff = None
        a1 = A()
        a1.stuff = a2
        def f():
            return a1.stuff
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(A)

    def test_long_list_recursive_getvalue(self):
        class A: pass
        lst = []
        for i in range(500):
            a1 = A()
            a1.stuff = lst
            lst.append(a1)
        def f():
            A().stuff = None
            return (A().stuff, lst)[1]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        s_item = s.listdef.listitem.s_value
        assert isinstance(s_item, annmodel.SomeInstance)

    def test_immutable_dict(self):
        d = {4: "hello",
             5: "world"}
        def f(n):
            return d[n]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_immutable_recursive_list(self):
        l = []
        l.append(l)
        def f():
            return l
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        s_item = s.listdef.listitem.s_value
        assert isinstance(s_item, annmodel.SomeList)
        assert s_item.listdef.same_as(s.listdef)

    def test_defaults_with_list_or_dict(self):
        def fn1(a=[]):
            return a
        def fn2(a={}):
            return a
        def f():
            fn1()
            fn2()
            return fn1([6, 7]), fn2({2: 3, 4: 5})
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeTuple)
        s1, s2 = s.items
        assert not s1.is_constant()
        assert not s2.is_constant()
        assert isinstance(s1.listdef.listitem. s_value, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(s2.dictdef.dictkey.  s_value, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(s2.dictdef.dictvalue.s_value, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_pbc_union(self):
        class A:
            def meth(self):
                return 12
        class B(A):
            pass
        class C(B):
            pass
        def f(i):
            if i:
                f(0)
                x = B()
            else:
                x = C()
            return x.meth()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(12)

    def test_int(self):
        def f(x, s):
            return int(x) + int(s) + int(s, 16)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, str])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_int_nonneg(self):
        def f(x, y):
            assert x >= 0
            return int(x) + int(y == 3)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_listitem_merge_asymmetry_bug(self):
        class K:
            pass
        def mutr(k, x, i):
            k.l2 = [x] + k.l2 # this involves a side-effectful union and unification, with this order
                              # of arguments some reflowing was missed
            k.l2[i] = x
        def witness(i):
            pass
        def trouble(k):
            l = k.l1 + k.l2
            for i in range(len(l)):
                witness(l[i])
        def f(flag, k, x, i):
            if flag:
                k = K()
                k.l1 = []
                k.l2 = []
            trouble(k)
            mutr(k, x, i)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [bool, K,  int, int])
        g = graphof(a, witness)
        assert a.binding(g.getargs()[0]).knowntype == int

    # check RPython static semantics of isinstance(x,bool|int) as needed for wrap

    def test_isinstance_int_bool(self):
        def f(x):
            if isinstance(x, int):
                if isinstance(x, bool):
                    return "bool"
                return "int"
            return "dontknow"
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.const == "bool"
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.const == "int"
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [float])
        assert s.const == "dontknow"

    def test_hidden_method(self):
        class Base:
            def method(self):
                return ["should be hidden"]
            def indirect(self):
                return self.method()
        class A(Base):
            def method(self):
                return "visible"
        class B(A):       # note: it's a chain of subclasses
            def method(self):
                return None
        def f(flag):
            if flag:
                obj = A()
            else:
                obj = B()
            return obj.indirect()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert annmodel.SomeString(can_be_None=True).contains(s)

    def test_dont_see_AttributeError_clause(self):
        class Stuff:
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True
            def createcompiler(self):
                try:
                    return self.default_compiler
                except AttributeError:
                    compiler = "yadda"
                    self.default_compiler = compiler
                    return compiler
        stuff = Stuff()
        stuff.default_compiler = 123
        def f():
            return stuff.createcompiler()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(123)

    def test_class_attribute_is_an_instance_of_itself(self):
        class Base:
            hello = None
        class A(Base):
            pass
        A.hello = globalA = A()
        def f():
            return (Base().hello, globalA)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeTuple)
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[0].classdef is a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(A)
        assert s.items[0].can_be_None
        assert s.items[1] == a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(A.hello)

    def test_dict_and_none(self):
        def f(i):
            if i:
                return {}
            else:
                return None
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == annmodel.SomeOrderedDict.knowntype

    def test_const_list_and_none(self):
        def g(l=None):
            return l is None
        L = [1,2]
        def f():
            g()
            return g(L)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == bool
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_const_dict_and_none(self):
        def g(d=None):
            return d is None
        D = {1:2}
        def f():
            g(D)
            return g()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == bool
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_issubtype_and_const(self):
        class A(object):
            pass
        class B(object):
            pass
        class C(A):
            pass
        b = B()
        c = C()
        def g(f):
            if f == 1:
                x = b
            elif f == 2:
                x = c
            else:
                x = C()
            t = type(x)
            return issubclass(t, A)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        x = annmodel.SomeInteger()
        x.const = 1
        s = a.build_types(g, [x])
        assert s.const == False
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        x = annmodel.SomeInteger()
        x.const = 2
        s = a.build_types(g, [x])
        assert s.const == True

    def test_reading_also_generalizes(self):
        def f1(i):
            d = {'c': i}
            return d['not-a-char'], d
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f1, [int])
        assert dictkey(s.items[1]).__class__ == annmodel.SomeString
        def f2(i):
            d = {'c': i}
            return d.get('not-a-char', i+1), d
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f2, [int])
        assert dictkey(s.items[1]).__class__ == annmodel.SomeString
        def f3(i):
            d = {'c': i}
            return 'not-a-char' in d, d
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f3, [int])
        assert dictkey(s.items[1]).__class__ == annmodel.SomeString
        def f4():
            lst = ['a', 'b', 'c']
            return 'not-a-char' in lst, lst
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f4, [])
        assert listitem(s.items[1]).__class__ == annmodel.SomeString
        def f5():
            lst = ['a', 'b', 'c']
            return lst.index('not-a-char'), lst
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f5, [])
        assert listitem(s.items[1]).__class__ == annmodel.SomeString

    def test_true_str_is_not_none(self):
        def f(s):
            if s:
                return s
            else:
                return ''
        def g(i):
            if i:
                return f(None)
            else:
                return f('')
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == str
        assert not s.can_be_None

    def test_true_func_is_not_none(self):
        def a1():
            pass
        def a2():
            pass
        def f(a):
            if a:
                return a
            else:
                return a2
        def g(i):
            if i:
                return f(None)
            else:
                return f(a1)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert not s.can_be_None

    def test_string_noNUL_canbeNone(self):
        def f(a):
            if a:
                return "abc"
            else:
                return None
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_unicode_noNUL_canbeNone(self):
        def f(a):
            if a:
                return u"abc"
            else:
                return None
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_str_or_None(self):
        def f(a):
            if a:
                return "abc"
            else:
                return None
        def g(a):
            x = f(a)
            if x is None:
                return "abcd"
            return x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_unicode_or_None(self):
        def f(a):
            if a:
                return u"abc"
            else:
                return None
        def g(a):
            x = f(a)
            if x is None:
                return u"abcd"
            return x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_emulated_pbc_call_simple(self):
        def f(a,b):
            return a + b
        from rpython.annotator import annrpython
        a = annrpython.RPythonAnnotator()
        from rpython.annotator import model as annmodel

        s_f = a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(f)
        a.bookkeeper.emulate_pbc_call('f', s_f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(), annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        a.complete()
        a.simplify()

        assert a.binding(graphof(a, f).getreturnvar()).knowntype == int
        fdesc = a.bookkeeper.getdesc(f)

        someint = annmodel.SomeInteger()

        assert (fdesc.get_s_signatures((2, (), False))
                == [([someint,someint],someint)])

    def test_iterator_union(self):
        def it(d):
            return d.iteritems()
        d0 = {1:2}
        def f():
            it(d0)
            return it({1:2})
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeIterator)
        assert s.variant == ('items',)

    def test_iteritems_str0(self):
        def it(d):
            return d.iteritems()
        def f():
            d0 = {'1a': '2a', '3': '4'}
            for item in it(d0):
                return "%s=%s" % item
            raise ValueError
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_iteritems_unicode0(self):
        def it(d):
            return d.iteritems()
        def f():
            d0 = {u'1a': u'2a', u'3': u'4'}
            for item in it(d0):
                return u"%s=%s" % item
            raise ValueError
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_no_nul_mod(self):
        def f(x):
            s = "%d" % x
            return s
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_no_nul_mod_unicode(self):
        def f(x):
            s = u"%d" % x
            return s
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_mul_str0(self):
        def f(s):
            return s*10
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_reverse_mul_str0(self):
        def f(s):
            return 10*s
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(no_nul=True)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_getitem_str0(self):
        def f(s, n):
            if n == 1:
                return s[0]
            elif n == 2:
                return s[1]
            elif n == 3:
                return s[1:]
            return s
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=True),
                              annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(no_nul=True),
                              annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_non_none_and_none_with_isinstance(self):
        class A(object):
            pass
        class B(A):
            pass
        def g(x):
            if isinstance(x, A):
                return x
            return None
        def f():
            g(B())
            return g(None)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef == a.bookkeeper.getuniqueclassdef(B)

    def test_type_is_no_improvement(self):
        class B(object):
            pass
        class C(B):
            pass
        class D(B):
            pass
        def f(x):
            if type(x) is C:
                return x
            raise Exception
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [D])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeImpossibleValue()

    def test_is_constant_instance(self):
        class A(object):
            pass
        prebuilt_instance = A()
        def f(x):
            if x is prebuilt_instance:
                return x
            raise Exception
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [A])
        assert s.is_constant()
        assert s.const is prebuilt_instance

    def test_call_memoized_function(self):
        fr1 = Freezing()
        fr2 = Freezing()
        def getorbuild(key):
            a = 1
            if key is fr1:
                result = eval("a+2")
            else:
                result = eval("a+6")
            return result
        getorbuild._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:memo"

        def f1(i):
            if i > 0:
                fr = fr1
            else:
                fr = fr2
            return getorbuild(fr)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f1, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_call_memoized_function_with_bools(self):
        fr1 = Freezing()
        fr2 = Freezing()
        def getorbuild(key, flag1, flag2):
            a = 1
            if key is fr1:
                result = eval("a+2")
            else:
                result = eval("a+6")
            if flag1:
                result += 100
            if flag2:
                result += 1000
            return result
        getorbuild._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:memo"

        def f1(i):
            if i > 0:
                fr = fr1
            else:
                fr = fr2
            return getorbuild(fr, i % 2 == 0, i % 3 == 0)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f1, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_stored_bound_method(self):
        # issue 129
        class H:
            def h(self):
                return 42
        class C:
            def __init__(self, func):
                self.f = func
            def do(self):
                return self.f()
        def g():
            h = H()
            c = C(h.h)
            return c.do()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])
        assert s.is_constant()
        assert s.const == 42

    def test_stored_bound_method_2(self):
        # issue 129
        class H:
            pass
        class H1(H):
            def h(self):
                return 42
        class H2(H):
            def h(self):
                return 17
        class C:
            def __init__(self, func):
                self.f = func
            def do(self):
                return self.f()
        def g(flag):
            if flag:
                h = H1()
            else:
                h = H2()
            c = C(h.h)
            return c.do()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_getorbuild_as_attr(self):
        from rpython.rlib.cache import Cache
        class SpaceCache(Cache):
            def _build(self, callable):
                return callable()
        class CacheX(Cache):
            def _build(self, key):
                return key.x
        class CacheY(Cache):
            def _build(self, key):
                return key.y
        class X:
            def __init__(self, x):
                self.x = x
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True
        class Y:
            def __init__(self, y):
                self.y = y
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True
        X1 = X(1)
        Y2 = Y("hello")
        fromcache = SpaceCache().getorbuild
        def f():
            return (fromcache(CacheX).getorbuild(X1),
                    fromcache(CacheY).getorbuild(Y2))

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.items[0].knowntype == int
        assert s.items[1].knowntype == str

    def test_constant_bound_method(self):
        class C:
            def __init__(self, value):
                self.value = value
            def meth(self):
                return self.value
        meth = C(1).meth
        def f():
            return meth()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_annotate__del__(self):
        class A(object):
            def __init__(self):
                self.a = 2
            def __del__(self):
                self.a = 1
        def f():
            return A().a
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        t = a.translator
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == int
        graph = tgraphof(t, A.__del__.im_func)
        assert graph.startblock in a.annotated

    def test_annotate__del__baseclass(self):
        class A(object):
            def __init__(self):
                self.a = 2
            def __del__(self):
                self.a = 1
        class B(A):
            def __init__(self):
                self.a = 3
        def f():
            return B().a
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        t = a.translator
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == int
        graph = tgraphof(t, A.__del__.im_func)
        assert graph.startblock in a.annotated

    def test_annotate_type(self):
        class A:
            pass
        x = [A(), A()]
        def witness(t):
            return type(t)
        def get(i):
            return x[i]
        def f(i):
            witness(None)
            return witness(get(i))

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeType)

    def test_annotate_iter_empty_container(self):
        def f():
            n = 0
            d = {}
            for x in []:                n += x
            for y in d:                 n += y
            for z in d.iterkeys():      n += z
            for s in d.itervalues():    n += s
            for t, u in d.items():      n += t * u
            for t, u in d.iteritems():  n += t * u
            return n

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.is_constant()
        assert s.const == 0

    def test_mixin(self):
        class Mixin(object):
            _mixin_ = True

            def m(self, v):
                return v

        class Base(object):
            pass

        class A(Base, Mixin):
            pass

        class B(Base, Mixin):
            pass

        class C(B):
            pass

        def f():
            a = A()
            v0 = a.m(2)
            b = B()
            v1 = b.m('x')
            c = C()
            v2 = c.m('y')
            return v0, v1, v2

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomeChar)
        assert isinstance(s.items[2], annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_mixin_staticmethod(self):
        class Mixin(object):
            _mixin_ = True

            @staticmethod
            def m(v):
                return v

        class Base(object):
            pass

        class A(Base, Mixin):
            pass

        class B(Base, Mixin):
            pass

        class C(B):
            pass

        def f():
            a = A()
            v0 = a.m(2)
            b = B()
            v1 = b.m('x')
            c = C()
            v2 = c.m('y')
            return v0, v1, v2

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomeChar)
        assert isinstance(s.items[2], annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_mixin_first(self):
        class Mixin(object):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 4
        class Base(object):
            def foo(self): return 5
        class Concrete(Mixin, Base):
            pass
        def f():
            return Concrete().foo()

        assert f() == 4
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 4

    def test_mixin_last(self):
        class Mixin(object):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 4
        class Base(object):
            def foo(self): return 5
        class Concrete(Base, Mixin):
            pass
        def f():
            return Concrete().foo()

        assert f() == 5
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 5

    def test_mixin_concrete(self):
        class Mixin(object):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 4
        class Concrete(Mixin):
            def foo(self): return 5
        def f():
            return Concrete().foo()

        assert f() == 5
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 5

    def test_multiple_mixins_mro(self):
        # an obscure situation, but it occurred in module/micronumpy/types.py
        class A(object):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 1
        class B(A):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 2
        class C(A):
            _mixin_ = True
        class D(B, C):
            _mixin_ = True
        class Concrete(D):
            pass
        def f():
            return Concrete().foo()

        assert f() == 2
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 2

    def test_multiple_mixins_mro_2(self):
        class A(object):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 1
        class B(A):
            _mixin_ = True
            def foo(self): return 2
        class C(A):
            _mixin_ = True
        class Concrete(C, B):
            pass
        def f():
            return Concrete().foo()

        assert f() == 2
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.const == 2

    def test_cannot_use_directly_mixin(self):
        class A(object):
            _mixin_ = True
        #
        def f():
            return A()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])
        #
        class B(object):
            pass
        x = B()
        def g():
            return isinstance(x, A)
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, g, [])

    def test_import_from_mixin(self):
        class M(object):
            def f(self):
                return self.a
        class I(object):
            objectmodel.import_from_mixin(M)
            def __init__(self, i):
                self.a = i
        class S(object):
            objectmodel.import_from_mixin(M)
            def __init__(self, s):
                self.a = s
        def f(n):
            return (I(n).f(), S("a" * n).f())

        assert f(3) == (3, "aaa")
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomeString)

    def test___class___attribute(self):
        class Base(object): pass
        class A(Base): pass
        class B(Base): pass
        class C(A): pass
        def seelater():
            C()
        def f(n):
            if n == 1:
                x = A()
            else:
                x = B()
            y = B()
            result = x.__class__, y.__class__
            seelater()
            return result

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomePBC)
        assert len(s.items[0].descriptions) == 4
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomePBC)
        assert len(s.items[1].descriptions) == 1

    def test_slots(self):
        # check that the annotator ignores slots instead of being
        # confused by them showing up as 'member' objects in the class
        class A(object):
            __slots__ = ('a', 'b')
        def f(x):
            a = A()
            a.b = x
            return a.b

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_slots_reads(self):
        class A(object):
            __slots__ = ()
        class B(A):
            def __init__(self, x):
                self.x = x
        def f(x):
            if x:
                a = A()
            else:
                a = B(x)
            return a.x   # should explode here

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError) as excinfo:
            a.build_types(f, [int])
        # this should explode on reading the attribute 'a.x', but it can
        # sometimes explode on 'self.x = x', which does not make much sense.
        # But it looks hard to fix in general: we don't know yet during 'a.x'
        # if the attribute x will be read-only or read-write.

    def test_unboxed_value(self):
        class A(object):
            __slots__ = ()
        class C(A, objectmodel.UnboxedValue):
            __slots__ = unboxedattrname = 'smallint'
        def f(n):
            return C(n).smallint

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype == int


    def test_annotate_bool(self):
        def f(x):
            return ~x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int


        def f(x):
            return -x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int

        def f(x):
            return +x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int

        def f(x):
            return abs(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int

        def f(x):
            return int(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int


        def f(x, y):
            return x + y
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [bool, int])
        assert s.knowntype == int

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, bool])
        assert s.knowntype == int



    def test_annotate_rarith(self):
        inttypes = [int, r_uint, r_longlong, r_ulonglong]
        for inttype in inttypes:
            c = inttype()
            def f():
                return c
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            s = a.build_types(f, [])
            assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
            assert s.knowntype == inttype
            assert s.unsigned == (inttype(-1) > 0)

        for inttype in inttypes:
            def f():
                return inttype(0)
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            s = a.build_types(f, [])
            assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
            assert s.knowntype == inttype
            assert s.unsigned == (inttype(-1) > 0)

        for inttype in inttypes:
            def f(x):
                return x
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            s = a.build_types(f, [inttype])
            assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
            assert s.knowntype == inttype
            assert s.unsigned == (inttype(-1) > 0)

    def test_annotate_rshift(self):
        def f(x):
            return x >> 2
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_prebuilt_mutables(self):
        class A:
            pass
        class B:
            pass
        a1 = A()
        a2 = A()
        a1.d = {}    # this tests confusion between the two '{}', which
        a2.d = {}    # compare equal
        a1.l = []
        a2.l = []
        b = B()
        b.d1 = a1.d
        b.d2 = a2.d
        b.l1 = a1.l
        b.l2 = a2.l

        def dmutate(d):
            d[123] = 321

        def lmutate(l):
            l.append(42)

        def readout(d, l):
            return len(d) + len(l)

        def f():
            dmutate(b.d1)
            dmutate(b.d2)
            dmutate(a1.d)
            dmutate(a2.d)
            lmutate(b.l1)
            lmutate(b.l2)
            lmutate(a1.l)
            lmutate(a2.l)
            return readout(a1.d, a1.l) + readout(a2.d, a2.l)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [])
        v1, v2 = graphof(a, readout).getargs()
        assert not a.binding(v1).is_constant()
        assert not a.binding(v2).is_constant()

    def test_prebuilt_mutables_dont_use_eq(self):
        # test that __eq__ is not called during annotation, at least
        # when we know that the classes differ anyway
        class Base(object):
            def __eq__(self, other):
                if self is other:
                    return True
                raise ValueError
            def __hash__(self):
                return 42
        class A(Base):
            pass
        class B(Base):
            pass
        a1 = A()
        a2 = B()
        a1.x = 5
        a2.x = 6

        def f():
            return a1.x + a2.x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.knowntype == int

    def test_chr_out_of_bounds(self):
        def g(n, max):
            if n < max:
                return chr(n)
            else:
                return '?'
        def fun(max):
            v = g(1000, max)
            return g(ord(v), max)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_range_nonneg(self):
        def fun(n, k):
            for i in range(n):
                if k == 17:
                    return i
            return 0
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_range_nonneg_variablestep(self):
        def get_step(n):
            if n == 1:
                return 2
            else:
                return 3
        def fun(n, k):
            step = get_step(n)
            for i in range(0, n, step):
                if k == 17:
                    return i
            return 0
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_reverse_range_nonneg(self):
        def fun(n, k):
            for i in range(n-1, -1, -1):
                if k == 17:
                    return i
            return 0
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert s.nonneg

    def test_sig(self):
        def fun(x, y):
            return x+y
        s_nonneg = annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)
        fun._annenforceargs_ = Sig(int, s_nonneg)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, s_nonneg])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert not s.nonneg
        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
            a.build_types(fun, [int, int])

    def test_sig_simpler(self):
        def fun(x, y):
            return x+y
        s_nonneg = annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)
        fun._annenforceargs_ = (int, s_nonneg)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, s_nonneg])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert not s.nonneg
        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
            a.build_types(fun, [int, int])

    def test_sig_lambda(self):
        def fun(x, y):
            return y
        s_nonneg = annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)
        fun._annenforceargs_ = Sig(lambda s1,s2: s1, lambda s1,s2: s1)
        # means: the 2nd argument's annotation becomes the 1st argument's
        #        input annotation

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int, s_nonneg])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert not s.nonneg
        with py.test.raises(SignatureError):
            a.build_types(fun, [s_nonneg, int])

    def test_sig_bug(self):
        def g(x, y=5):
            return y == 5
        g._annenforceargs_ = (int, int)
        def fun(x):
            return g(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [int])
        assert s.knowntype is bool
        assert s.is_constant()

    def test_sig_list(self):
        def g(buf):
            buf.append(5)
        g._annenforceargs_ = ([int],)
        def fun():
            lst = []
            g(lst)
            return lst[0]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [])
        assert s.knowntype is int
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_slots_check(self):
        class Base(object):
            __slots__ = 'x'
        class A(Base):
            __slots__ = 'y'
            def m(self):
                return 65
        class C(Base):
            __slots__ = 'z'
            def m(self):
                return 67
        for attrname, works in [('x', True),
                                ('y', False),
                                ('z', False),
                                ('t', False)]:
            def fun(n):
                if n: o = A()
                else: o = C()
                setattr(o, attrname, 12)
                return o.m()
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            if works:
                a.build_types(fun, [int])
            else:
                with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError):
                    a.build_types(fun, [int])

    def test_slots_enforce_attrs(self):
        class Superbase(object):
            __slots__ = 'x'
        class Base(Superbase):
            pass
        class A(Base):
            pass
        class B(Base):
            pass
        def fun(s):
            if s is None:   # known not to be None in this test
                o = B()
                o.x = 12
            elif len(s) > 5:
                o = A()
            else:
                o = Base()
            return o.x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [str])
        assert s == annmodel.s_ImpossibleValue   # but not blocked blocks

    def test_enforced_attrs_check(self):
        class Base(object):
            _attrs_ = 'x'
        class A(Base):
            _attrs_ = 'y'
            def m(self):
                return 65
        class C(Base):
            _attrs_ = 'z'
            def m(self):
                return 67
        for attrname, works in [('x', True),
                                ('y', False),
                                ('z', False),
                                ('t', False)]:
            def fun(n):
                if n: o = A()
                else: o = C()
                setattr(o, attrname, 12)
                return o.m()
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            if works:
                a.build_types(fun, [int])
            else:
                py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError, a.build_types, fun, [int])

    def test_attrs_enforce_attrs(self):
        class Superbase(object):
            _attrs_ = 'x'
        class Base(Superbase):
            pass
        class A(Base):
            pass
        class B(Base):
            pass
        def fun(s):
            if s is None:   # known not to be None in this test
                o = B()
                o.x = 12
            elif len(s) > 5:
                o = A()
            else:
                o = Base()
            return o.x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fun, [str])
        assert s == annmodel.s_ImpossibleValue   # but not blocked blocks


    def test_pbc_enforce_attrs(self):
        class F(object):
            _attrs_ = ['foo',]

            def _freeze_(self):
                return True

        p1 = F()
        p2 = F()

        def g(): pass

        def f(x):
            if x:
                p = p1
            else:
                p = p2
            g()
            return p.foo

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [bool])

    def test_float_cmp(self):
        def fun(x, y):
            return (x < y,
                    x <= y,
                    x == y,
                    x != y,
                    x > y,
                    x >= y)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
        s = a.build_types(fun, [float, float])
        assert [s_item.knowntype for s_item in s.items] == [bool] * 6

    def test_empty_range(self):
        def g(lst):
            total = 0
            for i in range(len(lst)):
                total += lst[i]
            return total
        def fun():
            return g([])

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
        s = a.build_types(fun, [])
        assert s.const == 0

    def test_compare_int_bool(self):
        def fun(x):
            return 50 < x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=AnnotatorPolicy())
        s = a.build_types(fun, [bool])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBool)

    def test_long_as_intermediate_value(self):
        from sys import maxint
        from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import intmask
        def fun(x):
            if x > 0:
                v = maxint
            else:
                v = -maxint
            return intmask(v * 10)
        P = AnnotatorPolicy()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator(policy=P)
        s = a.build_types(fun, [bool])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_instance_with_flags(self):
        from rpython.rlib.jit import hint

        class A:
            _virtualizable_ = []
        class B(A):
            def meth(self):
                return self
        class C(A):
            def meth(self):
                return self

        def f(n):
            x = B()
            x = hint(x, access_directly=True)
            m = x.meth
            for i in range(n):
                x = C()
                m = x.meth
            return x, m, m()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [a.bookkeeper.immutablevalue(0)])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[0].flags == {'access_directly': True}
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomePBC)
        assert len(s.items[1].descriptions) == 1
        assert s.items[1].any_description().flags == {'access_directly':
                                                           True}
        assert isinstance(s.items[2], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[2].flags == {'access_directly': True}

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s.items[0], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[0].flags == {}
        assert isinstance(s.items[1], annmodel.SomePBC)
        assert isinstance(s.items[2], annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.items[2].flags == {}

    @py.test.mark.xfail
    def test_no_access_directly_on_heap(self):
        from rpython.rlib.jit import hint

        class A:
            _virtualizable_ = []

        class I:
            pass

        def f():
            x = A()
            x = hint(x, access_directly=True)
            i = I()
            i.x = x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [])


        class M:
            def __init__(self):
                self.l = []
                self.d = {}

        class C:
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True

            def __init__(self):
                self.m = M()
                self.l2 = []

        c = C()

        def f():
            x = A()
            x = hint(x, access_directly=True)
            c.m.l.append(x)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])

        def f():
            x = A()
            x = hint(x, access_directly=True)
            c.m.d[None] = x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])

        def f():
            x = A()
            x = hint(x, access_directly=True)
            c.m.d[x] = None

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [])

    def test_access_direct_eq_False(self):
        from rpython.rlib import jit, debug
        class Root:
            def f(self):
                debug.check_not_access_directly(self)
        class Frame(Root):
            _virtualizable_ = []
            def meth(self):
                self = jit.hint(self, access_directly=False)
                return self.f()
        class C(Root):
            def meth(self):
                return self.f()

        def f(n):
            if n == 0:
                x = Frame()
                x = jit.hint(x, access_directly=True)
            else:
                x = C()
            x.meth()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_access_direct_no_virtualizable(self):
        from rpython.rlib import jit, debug
        class Root:
            def f(self):
                debug.check_not_access_directly(self)
        class Frame(Root):
            # not a virtualizble
            def meth(self):
                return self.f()
        class C(Root):
            def meth(self):
                return self.f()

        def f(n):
            if n == 0:
                x = Frame()
                x = jit.hint(x, access_directly=True, fresh_virtualizable=True)
                x.foo = 1
            else:
                x = C()
            x.meth()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_weakref(self):
        import weakref

        class A:
            pass
        class B(A):
            pass
        class C(A):
            pass

        def f(n):
            if n:
                b = B()
                b.hello = 42
                r = weakref.ref(b)
            else:
                c = C()
                c.hello = 64
                r = weakref.ref(c)
            return r().hello
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_float_pow_unsupported(self):
        def f(x, y):
            x **= y
            return x ** y
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(FlowingError, a.build_types, f, [int, int])
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(FlowingError, a.build_types, f, [float, float])

    def test_intcmp_bug(self):
        def g(x, y):
            return x <= y
        def f(x, y):
            if g(x, y):
                g(x, r_uint(y))
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError):
            a.build_types(f, [int, int])

    def test_compare_with_zero(self):
        def g():
            should_not_see_this
        def f(n):
            assert n >= 0
            if n < 0:
                g()
            if not (n >= 0):
                g()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_r_singlefloat(self):
        z = r_singlefloat(0.4)
        def g(n):
            if n > 0:
                return r_singlefloat(n * 0.1)
            else:
                return z
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeSingleFloat)

    def test_unicode_simple(self):
        def f():
            return u'xxx'

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_unicode(self):
        def g(n):
            if n > 0:
                return unichr(1234)
            else:
                return u"x\xe4x"

        def f(n):
            x = g(0)
            return x[n]

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeCodePoint)

    def test_unicode_from_string(self):
        def f(x):
            return unicode(x)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_unicode_add(self):
        def f(x):
            return unicode(x) + unichr(1234)

        def g(x):
            return unichr(x) + unichr(2)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_unicode_startswith(self):
        def f(x):
            return u'xxxx'.replace(x, u'z')

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [unicode])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_unicode_buildtypes(self):
        def f(x):
            return x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [unicode])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_replace_annotations(self):
        def f(x):
            return 'a'.replace(x, 'b')

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

        def f(x):
            return u'a'.replace(x, u'b')

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [unicode])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_strformatting_unicode(self):
        def f(x):
            return '%s' % unichr(x)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
        def f(x):
            return '%s' % (unichr(x) * 3)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
        def f(x):
            return '%s%s' % (1, unichr(x))

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])
        def f(x):
            return '%s%s' % (1, unichr(x) * 15)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [int])


    def test_strformatting_tuple(self):
        """
        A function which returns the result of interpolating a tuple of a
        single str into a str format string should be annotated as returning
        SomeString.
        """
        def f(x):
            return '%s' % (x,)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_unicodeformatting(self):
        def f(x):
            return u'%s' % x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [unicode])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_unicodeformatting_tuple(self):
        def f(x):
            return u'%s' % (x,)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [unicode])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)

    def test_extended_slice(self):
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        def f(start, end, step):
            return [1, 2, 3][start:end:step]
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [int, int, int])
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                              annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                              annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
        def f(x):
            return x[::-1]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [str])
        def f(x):
            return x[::2]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [str])
        def f(x):
            return x[1:2:1]
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [str])

    def test_negative_slice(self):
        def f(s, e):
            return [1, 2, 3][s:e]

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
        a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                          annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
        def f(x):
            return x[:-1]

        a.build_types(f, [str])

    def test_negative_number_find(self):
        def f(s, e):
            return "xyz".find("x", s, e)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
        a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                          annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])
        def f(s, e):
            return "xyz".rfind("x", s, e)

        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
        a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                          annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])

        def f(s, e):
            return "xyz".count("x", s, e)

        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, "a.build_types(f, [int, int])")
        a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True),
                          annmodel.SomeInteger(nonneg=True)])


    def test_setslice(self):
        def f():
            lst = [2, 5, 7]
            lst[1:2] = [4]
            return lst

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        assert s.listdef.listitem.resized
        assert not s.listdef.listitem.immutable
        assert s.listdef.listitem.mutated

    def test_delslice(self):
        def f():
            lst = [2, 5, 7]
            del lst[1:2]
            return lst

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeList)
        assert s.listdef.listitem.resized

    def test_varargs(self):
        def f(*args):
            return args[0] + 42
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int, int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_listitem_no_mutating(self):
        from rpython.rlib.debug import check_annotation
        called = []

        def checker(ann, bk):
            called.append(True)
            assert not ann.listdef.listitem.mutated
            ann.listdef.never_resize()

        def f():
            l = [1,2,3]
            check_annotation(l, checker)
            return l

        def g():
            l = f()
            l.append(4)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(ListChangeUnallowed, a.build_types, g, [])
        assert called

    def test_listitem_no_mutating2(self):
        from rpython.rlib.debug import make_sure_not_resized

        def f():
            return make_sure_not_resized([1,2,3])

        def g():
            l = [1,2,3]
            l.append(4)
            return l

        def fn(i):
            if i:
                func = f
            else:
                func = g
            return func()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.list_comprehension_operations = True
        py.test.raises(ListChangeUnallowed, a.build_types, fn, [int])

    def test_listitem_never_resize(self):
        from rpython.rlib.debug import check_annotation

        def checker(ann, bk):
            ann.listdef.never_resize()

        def f():
            l = [1,2,3]
            l.append(4)
            check_annotation(l, checker)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(ListChangeUnallowed, a.build_types, f, [])


    def test_len_of_empty_list(self):
        class X:
            pass
        def f(n):
            x = X()
            x.lst = None
            if n < 0:   # to showcase a failure of the famous "assert contains"
                return len(x.lst)
            x.lst = []
            return len(x.lst)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.const == 0

    def test_contains_of_empty_dict(self):
        class A(object):
            def meth(self):
                return 1

        def g(x, y):
            d1 = {}
            for i in range(y):
                if x in d1:
                    return d1[x].meth()
                d1[i+1] = A()
            return 0

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int, int])
        assert s.knowntype is int

        def f(x):
            d0 = {}
            if x in d0:
                d0[x].meth()
            return x+1

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.knowntype is int

    def test_relax(self):
        def f(*args):
            return args[0] + args[1]
        f.relax_sig_check = True
        def g(x):
            return f(x, x - x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [int])
        assert a.bookkeeper.getdesc(f).getuniquegraph()

    def test_cannot_raise_ll_exception(self):
        from rpython.rtyper.annlowlevel import cast_instance_to_base_ptr
        #
        def f():
            e = OverflowError()
            lle = cast_instance_to_base_ptr(e)
            raise Exception(lle)
            # ^^^ instead, must cast back from a base ptr to an instance
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AssertionError):
            a.build_types(f, [])

    def test_enumerate(self):
        def f():
            for i, x in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']):
                if i == 2:
                    return x
            return '?'
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_enumerate_startindex(self):
        def f():
            for i, x in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 5):
                if i == 7:
                    return x
            return '?'
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_context_manager(self):
        class C:
            def __init__(self):
                pass
            def __enter__(self):
                self.x = 1
            def __exit__(self, *args):
                self.x = 3
        def f():
            c = C()
            with c:
                pass
            return c.x

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        # not a constant: both __enter__ and __exit__ have been annotated
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_make_sure_not_resized(self):
        from rpython.rlib.debug import make_sure_not_resized

        def pycode(consts):
            make_sure_not_resized(consts)
        def build1():
            return pycode(consts=[1])
        def build2():
            return pycode(consts=[0])
        def fn():
            build1()
            build2()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.list_comprehension_operations = True
        a.build_types(fn, [])
        # assert did not raise ListChangeUnallowed

    def test_return_immutable_list(self):
        class A:
            _immutable_fields_ = ['lst[*]']
        def f(n):
            a = A()
            l1 = [n, 0]
            l1[1] = n+1
            a.lst = l1
            return a.lst

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.listdef.listitem.immutable

    def test_return_immutable_list_quasiimmut_field(self):
        class A:
            _immutable_fields_ = ['lst?[*]']
        def f(n):
            a = A()
            l1 = [n, 0]
            l1[1] = n+1
            a.lst = l1
            return a.lst

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.listdef.listitem.immutable

    def test_immutable_list_is_actually_resized(self):
        class A:
            _immutable_fields_ = ['lst[*]']
        def f(n):
            a = A()
            l1 = [n]
            l1.append(n+1)
            a.lst = l1
            return a.lst

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(ListChangeUnallowed, a.build_types, f, [int])

    def test_immutable_list_is_assigned_a_resizable_list(self):
        class A:
            _immutable_fields_ = ['lst[*]']
        def f(n):
            a = A()
            foo = []
            foo.append(n)
            a.lst = foo

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(ListChangeUnallowed, a.build_types, f, [int])

    def test_can_merge_immutable_list_with_regular_list(self):
        class A:
            _immutable_fields_ = ['lst[*]']
        def foo(lst):
            pass

        def f(n):
            a = A()
            l1 = [n, 0]
            l1[1] = n+1
            a.lst = l1
            if n > 0:
                foo(a.lst)
            else:
                lst = [0]
                lst[0] = n
                foo(lst)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

        def f(n):
            a = A()
            l1 = [n, 0]
            l1[1] = n+1
            a.lst = l1
            if n > 0:
                lst = [0]
                lst[0] = n
                foo(lst)
            else:
                foo(a.lst)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_immutable_field_subclass(self):
        class Root:
            pass
        class A(Root):
            _immutable_fields_ = ['_my_lst[*]']
            def __init__(self, lst):
                self._my_lst = lst
        def foo(x):
            return len(x._my_lst)

        def f(n):
            foo(A([2, n]))
            foo(Root())

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        e = py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [int])
        assert "field '_my_lst' was migrated" in str(e.value)

    def test_range_variable_step(self):
        def g(n):
            return range(0, 10, n)
        def f(n):
            r = g(1)    # constant step, at first
            s = g(n)    # but it becomes a variable step
            return r
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert s.listdef.listitem.range_step == 0

    def test_specialize_arg_memo(self):
        @objectmodel.specialize.memo()
        def g(n):
            return n
        @objectmodel.specialize.arg(0)
        def f(i):
            return g(i)
        def main(i):
            if i == 2:
                return f(2)
            elif i == 3:
                return f(3)
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(main, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_join_none_and_nonnull(self):
        from rpython.rlib.rstring import assert_str0

        def f(i):
            a = str(i)
            a = assert_str0(a)
            return a.join([None])

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert not s.can_be_None

    def test_contains_no_nul(self):
        def f(i):
            if "\0" in i:
                return None
            else:
                return i
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeString(no_nul=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_contains_no_nul_unicode(self):
        def f(i):
            if u"\0" in i:
                return None
            else:
                return i
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.translator.config.translation.check_str_without_nul = True
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeUnicodeString(no_nul=False)])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeUnicodeString)
        assert s.can_be_None
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_no___call__(self):
        class X(object):
            def __call__(self):
                xxx
        x = X()
        def f():
            return x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        e = py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [])
        assert 'object with a __call__ is not RPython' in str(e.value)

    def test_os_getcwd(self):
        import os
        def fn():
            return os.getcwd()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_os_getenv(self):
        import os
        def fn():
            return os.environ.get('PATH')
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert s.no_nul

    def test_base_iter(self):
        class A(object):
            def __iter__(self):
                return self

        def fn():
            return iter(A())

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInstance)
        assert s.classdef.name.endswith('.A')

    def test_iter_next(self):
        class A(object):
            def __iter__(self):
                return self

            def next(self):
                return 1

        def fn():
            s = 0
            for x in A():
                s += x
            return s

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 3 # fn, __iter__, next
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_next_function(self):
        def fn(n):
            x = [0, 1, n]
            i = iter(x)
            return next(i) + next(i)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_instance_getitem(self):
        class A(object):
            def __getitem__(self, i):
                return i * i

        def fn(i):
            a = A()
            return a[i]

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __getitem__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_instance_setitem(self):
        class A(object):
            def __setitem__(self, i, v):
                self.value = i * v

        def fn(i, v):
            a = A()
            a[i] = v
            return a.value

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int, int])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __setitem__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_instance_delitem(self):
        class A(object):
            def __delitem__(self, i):
                self.value = i

        def fn(i):
            a = A()
            del a[i]
            return a.value

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __delitem__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)


    def test_instance_contains(self):
        class A(object):
            def __contains__(self, i):
                return i & 1 == 0

        def fn(i):
            a = A()
            return 0 in a and 1 not in a

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __contains__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBool)

    def test_instance_getslice(self):
        class A(object):
            def __getslice__(self, stop, start):
                return "Test"[stop:start]

        def fn():
            a = A()
            return a[0:2]

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __getslice__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_instance_setslice(self):
        class A(object):
            def __setslice__(self, stop, start, value):
                self.value = value

        def fn():
            a = A()
            a[0:2] = '00'
            return a.value

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __setslice__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_instance_len(self):
        class A(object):
            def __len__(self):
                return 0

        def fn():
            a = A()
            return len(a)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [])
        assert len(a.translator.graphs) == 2 # fn, __len__
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_reversed(self):
        def fn(n):
            for elem in reversed([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]):
                return elem
            return n

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_no_attr_on_common_exception_classes(self):
        for cls in [ValueError, Exception]:
            def fn():
                e = cls()
                e.foo = "bar"
            a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
            with py.test.raises(NoSuchAttrError):
                a.build_types(fn, [])

    def test_lower_char(self):
        def fn(c):
            return c.lower()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(fn, [annmodel.SomeChar()])
        assert s == annmodel.SomeChar()

    def test_isinstance_double_const(self):
        class X(object):
            def _freeze_(self):
                return True

        x = X()

        def f(i):
            if i:
                x1 = x
            else:
                x1 = None
            print("hello")  # this is to force the merge of blocks
            return isinstance(x1, X)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeInteger()])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBool)

    def test_doing_bad_things_with_print(self):

        def f():
            pronto = print
            return pronto("the quick brown fox")

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])  # We worked out the pronto function was print
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeNone)

        def g():
            print = int
            return print(3.0)

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(g, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_object_init(self):
        class A(object):
            pass

        class B(A):
            def __init__(self):
                A.__init__(self)

        def f():
            B()

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, []) # assert did not explode

    def test_bytearray(self):
        def f():
            return bytearray("xyz")

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeByteArray)
        assert not s.is_constant()   # never a constant!

    def test_bytearray_add(self):
        def f(a):
            return a + bytearray("xyz")

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert isinstance(a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeByteArray()]),
                          annmodel.SomeByteArray)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert isinstance(a.build_types(f, [str]),
                          annmodel.SomeByteArray)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert isinstance(a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeChar()]),
                          annmodel.SomeByteArray)

    def test_bytearray_setitem_getitem(self):
        def f(b, i, c):
            b[i] = c
            return b[i + 1]

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert isinstance(a.build_types(f, [annmodel.SomeByteArray(),
                                            int, int]),
                          annmodel.SomeInteger)

    def test_constant_startswith_endswith(self):
        def f():
            return "abc".startswith("ab") and "abc".endswith("bc")
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert a.build_types(f, []).const is True

    def test_specific_attributes(self):
        class A(object):
            pass

        class B(A):
            def __init__(self, x):
                assert x >= 0
                self.x = x

        def fn(i):
            if i % 2:
                a = A()
            else:
                a = B(3)
            if i % 3:
                a.x = -3
            if isinstance(a, B):
                return a.x
            return 0

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert not a.build_types(fn, [int]).nonneg

    def test_unionerror_attrs(self):
        def f(x):
            if x < 10:
                return 1
            else:
                return "bbb"
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()

        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [int])

        the_exc = exc.value
        s_objs = set([type(the_exc.s_obj1), type(the_exc.s_obj2)])

        assert s_objs == set([annmodel.SomeInteger, annmodel.SomeString])

    def test_unionerror_tuple_size(self):
        def f(x):
            if x < 10:
                return (1, )
            else:
                return (1, 2)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()

        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [int])

        assert "RPython cannot unify tuples of different length: 2 versus 1" in exc.value.msg

    def test_unionerror_signedness(self):
        def f(x):
            if x < 10:
                return r_uint(99)
            else:
                return -1
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()

        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [int])

        assert ("RPython cannot prove that these integers are of the "
                "same signedness" in exc.value.msg)

    def test_unionerror_instance(self):
        class A(object): pass
        class B(object): pass

        def f(x):
            if x < 10:
                return A()
            else:
                return B()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()

        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [int])

        assert ("RPython cannot unify instances with no common base class"
                in exc.value.msg)

    def test_unionerror_iters(self):

        def f(x):
            d = { 1 : "a", 2 : "b" }
            if x < 10:
                return d.iterkeys()
            else:
                return d.itervalues()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()

        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [int])

        assert ("RPython cannot unify incompatible iterator variants" in
                exc.value.msg)

    def test_variable_getattr(self):
        class A(object): pass
        def f(y):
            a = A()
            return getattr(a, y)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert ("variable argument to getattr" in exc.value.msg)

    def test_bad_call(self):
        def f(x):
            return x()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [str])
        assert ("Cannot prove that the object is callable" in exc.value.msg)

    def test_UnionError_on_PBC(self):
        l = ['a', 1]
        def f(x):
            l.append(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as excinfo:
            a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert 'Happened at file' in excinfo.value.source
        assert 'Known variable annotations:' in excinfo.value.source

    def test_str_format_error(self):
        def f(s, x):
            return s.format(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f, [str, str])
        assert ("format() is not RPython" in exc.value.msg)

    def test_prebuilt_ordered_dict(self):
        d = OrderedDict([("aa", 1)])

        def f():
            return d

        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert isinstance(a.build_types(f, []), annmodel.SomeOrderedDict)

    def test_enumerate_none(self):
        # enumerate(None) can occur as an intermediate step during a full
        # annotation, because the None will be generalized later to
        # None-or-list for example
        def f(flag):
            if flag:
                x = None
            else:
                x = [42]
            return enumerate(x).next()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeTuple)
        assert s.items[1].const == 42

    def test_unpack_none_gets_a_blocked_block(self):
        def f(x):
            a, b = x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError,
                       a.build_types, f, [annmodel.s_None])

    def test_class___name__(self):
        class Abc(object):
            pass
        def f():
            return Abc().__class__.__name__
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)

    def test_isinstance_str_1(self):
        def g():
            pass
        def f(n):
            if n > 5:
                s = "foo"
            else:
                s = None
            g()
            return isinstance(s, str)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeBool)
        assert not s.is_constant()

    def test_isinstance_str_2(self):
        def g():
            pass
        def f(n):
            if n > 5:
                s = "foo"
            else:
                s = None
            g()
            if isinstance(s, str):
                return s
            return ""
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeString)
        assert not s.can_be_none()

    def test_property_getter(self):
        class O1(object):
            def __init__(self, x):
                self._x = x
            @property
            def x(self):
                return self._x
        def f(n):
            o = O1(n)
            return o.x + getattr(o, 'x')
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(s, annmodel.SomeInteger)
        op = list(graphof(a, f).iterblocks())[0].operations
        i = 0
        c = 0
        while i < len(op):
            if op[i].opname == 'getattr':
                c += 1
                assert op[i].args[1].value == 'x__getter__'
                i += 1
                assert i < len(op) and op[i].opname == 'simple_call' and \
                            op[i].args[0] == op[i - 1].result
            i += 1
        assert c == 2

    def test_property_setter(self):
        class O2(object):
            def __init__(self):
                self._x = 0
            def set_x(self, v):
                self._x = v
            x = property(fset=set_x)
        def f(n):
            o = O2()
            o.x = n
            setattr(o, 'x', n)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        op = list(graphof(a, f).iterblocks())[0].operations
        i = 0
        c = 0
        while i < len(op):
            if op[i].opname == 'getattr':
                c += 1
                assert op[i].args[1].value == 'x__setter__'
                i += 1
                assert i < len(op) and op[i].opname == 'simple_call' and \
                            op[i].args[0] == op[i - 1].result and len(op[i].args) == 2
            i += 1
        assert c == 2

    def test_property_unionerr(self):
        class O1(object):
            def __init__(self, x):
                self._x = x
            @property
            def x(self):
                return self._x
        class O2(O1):
            def set_x(self, v):
                self._x = v
            x = property(fset=set_x)
        def f1(n):
            o = O2(n)
            return o.x
        def f2(n):
            o = O2(n)
            o.x = 20
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f1, [int])
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(UnionError) as exc:
            a.build_types(f2, [int])

    @py.test.mark.xfail(reason="May produce garbage annotations instead of "
            "raising AnnotatorError, depending on annotation order")
    def test_property_union_2(self):
        class Base(object):
            pass

        class A(Base):
            def __init__(self):
                pass

            @property
            def x(self):
                return 42

        class B(Base):
            def __init__(self, x):
                self.x = x

        def f(n):
            if n < 0:
                obj = A()
            else:
                obj = B(n)
            return obj.x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        # Ideally, this should translate to something sensible,
        # but for now, AnnotatorError is better than silently mistranslating.
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])

    @py.test.mark.xfail(reason="May produce garbage annotations instead of "
            "raising AnnotatorError, depending on annotation order")
    def test_property_union_3(self):
        class Base(object):
            pass
        class A(Base):
            @property
            def x(self):
                return 42
        class B(Base):
            x = 43
        def f(n):
            if n < 0:
                obj = A()
            else:
                obj = B()
            return obj.x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_dict_can_be_none_ordering_issue(self):
        def g(d):
            return 42 in d
        def f(n):
            g(None)
            g({})
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])

    def test_numbers_dont_have_len(self):
        def f(x):
            return len(x)
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [float])

    def test_numbers_dont_contain(self):
        def f(x):
            return 1 in x
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [int])
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            a.build_types(f, [float])

    def test_Ellipsis_not_rpython(self):
        def f():
            return Ellipsis
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        e = py.test.raises(Exception, a.build_types, f, [])
        assert "Don't know how to represent Ellipsis" in str(e.value)

    def test_must_be_light_finalizer(self):
        from rpython.rlib import rgc
        @rgc.must_be_light_finalizer
        class A(object):
            pass
        class B(A):
            def __del__(self):
                pass
        class C(A):
            @rgc.must_be_light_finalizer
            def __del__(self):
                pass
        class D(object):
            def __del__(self):
                pass
        def fb():
            B()
        def fc():
            C()
        def fd():
            D()
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(fc, [])
        a.build_types(fd, [])
        py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, fb, [])

    def test_annotate_generator_with_unreachable_yields(self):
        def f(n):
            if n < 0:
                yield 42
            yield n
            yield n
        def main(n):
            for x in f(abs(n)):
                pass
        #
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(main, [int])

    def test_string_mod_nonconstant(self):
        def f(x):
            return x % 5
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        e = py.test.raises(AnnotatorError, a.build_types, f, [str])
        assert ('string formatting requires a constant string/unicode'
                in str(e.value))

    def test_cannot_raise_none(self):
        def f(x):
            s = None
            if x > 5:
                s = ValueError()
            raise s
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        a.build_types(f, [int])
        s_exc = a.binding(graphof(a, f).exceptblock.inputargs[1])
        assert not s_exc.can_be_none()

    def test_specialize_argtype_with_subclasses(self):
        # checks that specialize:argtype() makes two copies of a
        # function f(), one for the base class and one for the subclass
        class A:
            def foo(self):
                return 123
        class B(A):
            def foo(self):
                return 456
        def f(x):
            return x.foo()
        f._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:argtype(0)"
        def h(y):
            if y > 5:
                f(A())
            return f(B())
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        assert a.build_types(h, [int]).const == 456

    def test_list_plus_equal_string(self):
        def f(n):
            lst = [chr(n), chr(n + 1)]
            if n < 100:
                lst.append(chr(n + 2))
            lst += str(n)
            return lst
        a = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = a.build_types(f, [int])
        assert isinstance(listitem(s), annmodel.SomeChar)

    def test_union_of_methods_of_frozen(self):
        class A(Freezing):
            def foo(self):
                return 42
            def bar(self):
                return 43
        class B(A):
            def foo(self):
                return 44

        a = A()
        b = B()
        def f(n):
            x = a if n > 0 else b
            return x.foo()
        def g(n):
            x = a if n > 0 else b
            return x.bar()
        ann = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        with py.test.raises(AnnotatorError):
            # a.foo and b.foo are different functions -> BOOM
            s = ann.build_types(f, [int])

        # a.bar and b.bar are the same function -> OK
        s = ann.build_types(g, [int])
        assert s.const == 43

    def test_isinstance_const(self):
        class A(object):
            pass

        class B(A):
            pass
        B.singleton = B()
        class C(A):
            pass
        C.singleton = C()
        def f():
            x = B.singleton
            if not isinstance(x, B):
                if not isinstance(x, C):
                    raise TypeError
            return 12
        ann = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = ann.build_types(f, [])

    def test_len_const_str(self):
        def f():
            return len('abc') # easy case, the flowspace does it
        ann = self.RPythonAnnotator()
        s = ann.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.is_constant()
        assert s.const == 3

        def g(s):
            return len(s)
        g._annspecialcase_ = "specialize:arg(0)"
        def f():
            return g('abc') # harder, need annotation support
        s = ann.build_types(f, [])
        assert s.is_constant()
        assert s.const == 3


def g(n):
    return [0, 1, 2, n]


def f_calls_g(n):
    total = 0
    lst = g(n)
    i = 0
    while i < len(lst):
        total += i
        i += 1
    return total

constant_unsigned_five = r_uint(5)

class Freezing:
    def _freeze_(self):
        return True
